Diabetes mellitus is a pathology in connection with the group of endocrine diseases.It is associated with a disorder of the process of glucose assimilation.Due to the absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin-dem hormone, which is responsible for processing, a violation develops.Hyperglycemia is found in a patient with diabetes.
This condition is characterized by a continued increase in glucose in the plasma.The patient has a violation of all types of metabolism: water salt, carbohydrate, protein, fat, mineral.The disease has a chronic course.Diabetes mellitus is part of common symptoms.It is found in almost 6% of the world's population.
The causes of diabetes
The reasons for the development of diabetes patients from the first and second kind are different in patients.The first type of illness is found in young patients under the age of thirties.Violations of insulin production occur when the pancreas is damaged by autoimmune geni.There is a destruction of ß -zell insulin.
In most patients, this pathology occurs after a viral infection.Mostly epidemic mumps, local rubella, viral hepatitis.This pathological state can also develop on the body with the following substances after a toxic effect: nitrosamines, pesticides, some medication.
These substances contribute to a violation of the immune response and the occurrence of autoimmune reactions.The effect of changed immune cells on the islands of Langerganes of the pancreas causes their death.In this regard, insulin production is reduced.This condition develops when more than 80% of these cells are affected.
In the second type of illness, the insulinity of all cells occurs towards insulin.The insulin level in plasma is normal or increased, but the cells do not notice it.There is a majority of such patients with diabetes.Glucose tolerance results for the following reasons:
- Genetic predisposition.Such patients have relatives with diabetes.If both parents suffer from it, the likelihood of the predisposition of the predisposition for him increases to 70%.
- obesity.With a large amount of fat tissue in the body, your sensitivity towards insulin decreases.
- Irrational nutrition.With the dominance of simple carbohydrates and a lack of fiber in the food, the risk of diabetes is increased.
- Heart cycle -Pathology.Severe forms of these diseases - atheriosclerosis, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension lead to an increase in fabric ulcer resistance.
- Chronic stress.In this state, the degree of catecholamines and glucocorticoids increases.This contributes to the development of diabetes.
- Take some drugs.The group of drugs that increase the risk of diabetes includes: synthetic glucocorticoids, diuretics, part of blood -pressure -lowering medication, cytostatics.
- Chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.This disease increases the risk of fabric ulcer resistance.
As a result, the penetration of glucose decreases in cells and its level in the blood increases.
Symptoms of diabetes
- Unstillable thirst;
- Fast urine that leads to dehydration;
- dry mouth;
- Increased fatigue;
- general weakness;
- Smaller skin lesions heal slowly;
- vomit;
- constant nausea;
- The patient's smell of acetone;
- Tasks of breathing;
- Heartbeat;
- Itching the skin;
- Fast weight loss;
- frequent urination;
- Reduction of visual acuity.
If these signs appear, you should immediately consult a doctor to test the blood sugar level.
Types of diabetes
The pathology depends on the causes into different ways.The following types of diseases are differentiated: type -1 diabetes, type -2 -diabetes, specific shapes and pregnancy diabetes.
Type -1 diabetes
Option 1 of the type occurs with a lack of insulin production in the body.This is a hormone that regulates the metabolism of glucose in tissues.The lack of IT occurs due to the damage to the beta cells of the pancreas due to the development of autoimmune reactions.
The immune system is damaged and produces antibodies against the body's own tissue.This situation occurs after the viral infections, severe stress and the effects of other adverse factors.
The disease often occurs in young people and children.The disease has a sudden start.The symptoms are pronounced because cells are quickly in a state of hunger.A very high glucose mirror is determined, often reaching up to 30 mmol/l in the blood.
A large number of 1 variants of the disease is viewed as Lada diabetes.This is autoimmundiabetes that occurs in adults with a characteristic latent course.For him a typical decrease in the insulin in the blood and normal weight.
Type -2 -Diabetes
In the case of type -2 diabetes, insulin secretion does not suffer.There is an excessive level of this hormone in the blood.Cells in the body lose sensitivity to the effect of a substance.Insulin resistance develops in patients.About 90% of all identified people with diabetes are patients with the second type of illness.This version of diabetes often develops after 40 years in people with obesity.
Among the simultaneous diseases are determined: atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension.The disease has gradually occurred.His symptoms are scarce.The degree of glucose rises moderately.Antibodies are not detected pancreatic cells.This situation contributes to the patient's late calling when complications occurred.
Complications of diabetes
Separate acute and chronic complications of the disease.Acute complications develop rapidly and require emergency hospitalization stays.This includes the following conditions:
- Hypoglycemia.In this state, the glucose degree is greatly reduced.It occurs with an overdose of insulin, early meal and physical stress.The patient has hunger, a feeling of trembling in his hands, dizziness, sweating, aggression.Then consciousness is broken.
- Ketoacidosis.This grows the degree of glucose.It does not enter the cells and accumulates in the blood.The condition is shown by a decrease in appetite, dry skin, thirst.Acetone's smell comes from the patient.Confusion appears, sleepiness.
- Hyperosmolar coma.It is characterized by an increase in blood sugar with general dehydration.
- Lactatat sacidotic Coma.The condition occurs in older people in the presence of disorders of the airway and the cardiovascular system due to oxygen hunger.
Patients with signs of this pathological diseases require immediate medical care.
Lesions of the vascular and nervous system are observed in late complications.Diabetic angiopathy is a massive defeat of the blood vessels.It extends to the vessels of a caliber.Microangiopathies cause diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.Macroangiopathy is striking in the vessels of the heart, the brain and the arteries of the lower extremities.
Diagnosis of diabetes
If this disorder is suspected, the following studies are prescribed:
- Blood sugar levels;
- Urine analysis for glucose and ketone bodies;
- Glycosylated hemoglobin test;
- C-peptide in the blood;
- Tension test (determination of glucose tolerance).
In order to identify complications, an ultrasound of the kidneys, the EEG of the brain, rheoencephalography and the rear vessels of the legs are prescribed.
Treatment of diabetes
The doctor's recipes should only be observed.With this disease, blood sugar and drug treatment are carried out for life.These measures slow down the pathological process and avoid complications.
Treatment of the pathology implies a decrease in blood sugar as well as the normalization of metabolism and the prevention of the development of complications.
Diet for diabetes
Dietotherapy is the basis for treatment.Diet is prescribed taking into account body weight, age, the level of physical activity.The principle of calculating the calorie content of courts is taught that they should contain the required number of all nutrients.
| What can be eaten | That you can't eat |
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* The table contains an incomplete list of products.To create a correct and complete diet, contact a specialist.
The principle of a diet in this disease:
- It is necessary to remove products that quickly increase blood sugar concentration.This is a high content of strength, sugar, fructose.
- Reduce the total calorie content.The energy value of the dishes is the number of calories output.
- It is necessary to observe six diet pillar.
With diabetes it is important to eat food regularly.If the patient holds a diet, you can only improve the patient's condition.In a mild form of the disease, only a power supply is avoided.
It is preferable to use low -calories.You should be rich in protein, plant fibers and fiber.
Limit products that contain a large amount of animal fats, fast carbohydrates and fructose.Remove all products with a high glycemic index.Alcohol for diabetes is also prohibited.
Insulin therapy
Insulin is introduced in accordance with the program recommended by the doctor.At the same time, the glucose values systematically control.Insulins are produced in three types: short effect, extended, medium.
The persistent drug is administered once a day.Compliance with an individually selected scheme for the use of intermediate and short insulin enables you to compensate for the disease.
Self -control -glycemia level
The self -control of the glucose content in the blood is carried out daily.With modern glucometers you can do this anywhere - at home and at work at a favorable time.The device helps to create a balanced diet, to develop a plan for physical activity, to determine the time of insulin and medication.The measurement shows hypoglycemia and contributes to maintaining the glucose concentration normally.
Saarassen
Sugar screams in tablets are prescribed for diabetes of the second type as a supplement to a diet.Such groups are differentiated:
- Sulfonylmochevins derivatives- Stimulate the secretion of pancreatic insulin, make glucose ingress in cells easier;
- Biguanides- Reduce the absorption of glucose in the intestinal wall;
- Meglitinides- reduce sugar values, stimulate insulin secretion;
- Alfa-Glucosidase inhibitors- slows down the growth of sugar levels and inactivates enzymes to absorb strength;
- Thiazolidindo- Reduce the sugar quantity released from liver cells and improve the susceptibility of cells to insulin.
With diabetes, it is important to control the patient's health and condition in order to avoid sharp changes in glucose level.
Prevention of diabetes
Patients with diabetes have to be constantly observed with an endocrinologist, he will help to organize the right lifestyle, nutrition and the necessary treatment.It is important to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications.Patients with type -i diabetes are recommended to increase the resistance of the body against infections and patients with Type II do not allow obesity to be developed.
Diploma
Diabetes mellitus is classified as serious diseases.In the absence of treatment, serious complications develop that threaten life.If the sugar symptoms occur, you should consult a doctor and not self -medication.